There has been a tradition of ethnomusicological research at Columbia University since the days of George Herzog, who taught here from 1938 to 1948. In the 1920s, Herzog, as a student of Erich M. von Hornbostel and Franz Boas, merged European comparative musicology and American anthropology into what is now called ethnomusicology, that is, the study of music as a vital aspect of human culture and social life. Many distinguished scholars in the field of ethnomusicology have been associated with the university, including Bela Bartok and David McAllester (1940s), Curt Sachs and Walter Wiora (1950s), and Laura Boulton, Willard Rhodes and Nicholas England (1960s), prior to the establishment of a formal doctoral program in ethnomusicology and the Center for Ethnomusicology during the year 1965-66. Since then, such scholars as Adelaida Reyes (formerly Reyes-Schramm), Philip Schuyler, Harold Powers, Peter Manuel, Sean Williams, Kay Shelemay, Daniel Ferguson, Steven Feld, John Baily, Salwa El-Shawan Castelo-Branco, Barbara Hampton, Gage Averill, Dieter Christensen, Ana María Ochoa, Tim Taylor, Lila Ellen Gray, Michael Largey, and Stephen Blum, among others, have taught in the program.